SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA 转录
中文名称
通路描述
该 COVID-19 通路是通过结合 SARS-CoV-1 数据的计算推断和手动校订创建的,具体描述见整体 SARS-CoV-2 感染通路摘要。直接研究的 SARS-CoV-2 转录步骤包括复制转录复合物(RTC)与 RNA 模板的结合、nsp12 的聚合酶活性(Hillen et al. 2020, Wang et al. 2020, Yin et al. 2020)、nsp13 的解旋酶活性(Chen et al. 2020, Ji et al. 2020, Shu et al. 2020)、nsp16 的加帽活性(Viswanathan et al. 2020)以及 SARS-CoV-2 转录本的 poly(A) 尾化(Kim et al. 2020, Ravindra et al. 2020)。其余步骤是从 SARS-CoV-1 及相关冠状病毒的先前研究中推断的。SARS-CoV-1 编码 8 个子基因组 RNA(mRNA2 至 mRNA9),其中 mRNA1 对应基因组 RNA。子基因组 RNA 的 5' 和 3' 端相同,符合冠状病毒 RNA 转录的模板切换模型(Snijder et al. 2003, Thiel et al. 2003, Yount et al. 2003)。基因组正链 RNA 首先通过模板切换转录为负链(minus strand)子基因组 mRNA。随后,负链 mRNA 作为模板合成正链子基因组 mRNA。与 SARS-CoV-1 相关的鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)显示,负链病毒 RNA 的量远小于正链 RNA(Irigoyen et al. 2016)。在 SARS-CoV-1 的 8 个子基因组 mRNA 中,mRNA2 编码 S 蛋白,mRNA3 为双义性 mRNA 并编码 3a 和 3b 蛋白,mRNA4 编码 E 蛋白,mRNA5 编码 M 蛋白,mRNA6 编码蛋白 6,而双义性 mRNA7、mRNA8 和 mRNA9 分别编码 7a 和 7b(mRNA7)、8a 和 8b(mRNA8)以及 9a 和 N(mRNA9)(Snijder et al. 2003, Thiel et al. 2003, Yount et al. 2003)。冠状病毒的模板切换模型涉及子基因组 RNA 的不连续转录,其中 leader body 在合成 minus strand RNA 时与 body TRS 连接。每个子基因组 RNA 都包含与基因组 leader 相同的 leader TRS 序列,该序列通过聚合酶的“跳跃”连接到 body TRS,body TRS 是位于每个 ORF 上游的约 10 个核苷酸的短 AU 富集 motif,它将成为其中一个子基因组 mRNA 的 5' 近端。3' 和 5' UTR 可能通过 RNA-RNA 和/或 RNA-蛋白加蛋白相互作用促进冠状病毒基因组环化,使延伸中的 minus strand 处于有利于 leader-body 连接的拓扑结构中。宿主的 PABP 被发现结合冠状病毒 3' poly(A) 尾并与宿主蛋白 eIF-4G 相互作用,后者是结合 mRNA 帽结构的三聚体复合物的一部分,这可能促进冠状病毒基因组的环化。两个结合于冠状病毒 5' UTR 的病毒蛋白 N 和 nsp1 可能在模板切换中发挥作用。poly(A) 尾对于在基因组 RNA 的 3' 端启动 minus strand RNA 合成是必要的。新生 minus strand RNA 的延伸直到遇到第一个功能性的 body TRS motif 为止。复制转录复合物(RTCs)的比例固定,要么忽略 TRS motif 并继续延伸新生 strand,要么停止新生 minus strand 的合成并重新定位到 leader TRS,通过复制基因组 5' 端来延伸 minus strand。完成的 minus strand RNA 则作为模板合成正链 mRNA(综述:Sawicki et al. 2007, Yang and Leibowitz 2015)。
英文描述
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions play a critical role in regulating a variety of cellular processes in multicellular organisms including motility, shape change, survival, proliferation and differentiation. Cell-ECM contact is mediated by transmembrane cell adhesion receptors, such as integrins, that interact with extracellular matrix proteins as well as a number of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. Many of these adaptor proteins physically interact with the actin cytoskeleton or function in signal transduction.
Several protein complexes interact with the cytoplasmic tail of integrins and function in transducing bi-directional signals between the ECM and intracellular signaling pathways (reviewed in Sepulveda et al., 2005).
Early events that are triggered by interactions with ECM, such as formation/turnover of Focal Adhesions, regulation of actin dynamics and protrusion of lamellipodia to promote cellular spreading and motility are modulated by PINCH- ILK- parvin complexes (see Sepulveda et al., 2005). A number of partners of the PINCH-ILK-parvin complex components have been identified that regulate and/or mediate the functions of these complexes (reviewed in Wu, 2004). Interactions with some of these partners modulate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell spreading.
Several protein complexes interact with the cytoplasmic tail of integrins and function in transducing bi-directional signals between the ECM and intracellular signaling pathways (reviewed in Sepulveda et al., 2005).
Early events that are triggered by interactions with ECM, such as formation/turnover of Focal Adhesions, regulation of actin dynamics and protrusion of lamellipodia to promote cellular spreading and motility are modulated by PINCH- ILK- parvin complexes (see Sepulveda et al., 2005). A number of partners of the PINCH-ILK-parvin complex components have been identified that regulate and/or mediate the functions of these complexes (reviewed in Wu, 2004). Interactions with some of these partners modulate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell spreading.
所含基因
12 个基因