肌生成
中文名称
通路描述
肌生成是肌肉组织的形成，是一个复杂的过程，涉及由生长因子信号介导的细胞增殖、细胞分化、细胞重组形成肌管以及细胞融合的步骤。此处注释了该过程的一个调节特征，即由 CDO（细胞粘附分子相关/下调于癌基因）启动的信号级联及其共受体。
CDO/Cdon 是一种 I 型跨膜多功能共受体，其胞外域包含五个免疫球蛋白和三个纤连蛋白 III 型重复，胞内域无已知结构域。它已被证明可增强促肌细胞分化。CDO 作为包含 Boc 因子、Ig 超家族受体 neogenin 及其配体 netrin-3 以及粘附分子 N- 和 M-钙粘蛋白的多蛋白复合物的一部分发挥促肌细胞分化作用。CDO 通过与两个支架型蛋白 JLP 和 Bnip-2 直接结合，调节肌生成 bHLH 因子和肌细胞分化的活性，通过调节肌生成 bHLH 因子的活性，CDO 激活肌生成 bHLH 因子，这很可能是通过诱导 E 蛋白的超磷酸化来实现的。肌生成 bHLH 蛋白是主要的调节蛋白，在肌生成期间激活许多肌肉特异性基因的转录。这些肌生成 bHLH 蛋白也称为 MyoD 家族，包括四个成员：MyoD、肌原蛋白、myf5 和 MRF4。这些肌生成因子与 E 蛋白（如 E12/E47、ITF-2 和 HEB）二聚化，形成异二聚体复合物，结合到已知为 E 盒的保守 DNA 序列，该序列存在于大多数肌肉特异性基因的启动子和增强子中。肌细胞增强子结合因子 2 (MEF2)，属于 MADS 盒家族，在肌细胞分化中也发挥重要作用。MEF2 通过与共识序列（称为 MEF2 结合位点）结合来激活转录，该位点也存在于许多肌肉特异性基因的调控区域中。MEF2 和肌生成 bHLH 蛋白通过 DNA 结合域之间的蛋白 - 蛋白相互作用协同激活肌肉特异性基因的转录。MyoD 和 MEF2 家族转录因子的成员以组合方式结合，以控制肌细胞分化、特化和增殖。
CDO/Cdon 是一种 I 型跨膜多功能共受体，其胞外域包含五个免疫球蛋白和三个纤连蛋白 III 型重复，胞内域无已知结构域。它已被证明可增强促肌细胞分化。CDO 作为包含 Boc 因子、Ig 超家族受体 neogenin 及其配体 netrin-3 以及粘附分子 N- 和 M-钙粘蛋白的多蛋白复合物的一部分发挥促肌细胞分化作用。CDO 通过与两个支架型蛋白 JLP 和 Bnip-2 直接结合，调节肌生成 bHLH 因子和肌细胞分化的活性，通过调节肌生成 bHLH 因子的活性，CDO 激活肌生成 bHLH 因子，这很可能是通过诱导 E 蛋白的超磷酸化来实现的。肌生成 bHLH 蛋白是主要的调节蛋白，在肌生成期间激活许多肌肉特异性基因的转录。这些肌生成 bHLH 蛋白也称为 MyoD 家族，包括四个成员：MyoD、肌原蛋白、myf5 和 MRF4。这些肌生成因子与 E 蛋白（如 E12/E47、ITF-2 和 HEB）二聚化，形成异二聚体复合物，结合到已知为 E 盒的保守 DNA 序列，该序列存在于大多数肌肉特异性基因的启动子和增强子中。肌细胞增强子结合因子 2 (MEF2)，属于 MADS 盒家族，在肌细胞分化中也发挥重要作用。MEF2 通过与共识序列（称为 MEF2 结合位点）结合来激活转录，该位点也存在于许多肌肉特异性基因的调控区域中。MEF2 和肌生成 bHLH 蛋白通过 DNA 结合域之间的蛋白 - 蛋白相互作用协同激活肌肉特异性基因的转录。MyoD 和 MEF2 家族转录因子的成员以组合方式结合，以控制肌细胞分化、特化和增殖。
英文描述
Myogenesis Myogenesis, the formation of muscle tissue, is a complex process involving steps of cell proliferation mediated by growth factor signaling, cell differentiation, reorganization of cells to form myotubes, and cell fusion. Here, one regulatory feature of this process has been annotated, the signaling cascade initiated by CDO (cell-adhesion-molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) and associated co-receptors.CDO/Cdon is a type I transmembrane multifunctional co-receptor consisting of five immunoglobulin and three fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats in the extracellular domain, and an intracellular domain with no identifiable motifs. It has been implicated in enhancing muscle differentiation in promyogenic cells. CDO exert its promyogenic effects as a component of multiprotein complexes that include the closely related factor Boc, the Ig superfamily receptor neogenin and its ligand netrin-3, and the adhesion molecules N- and M-cadherin. CDO modulates the Cdc42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via a direct association with two scaffold-type proteins, JLP and Bnip-2, to regulate activities of myogenic bHLH factors and myogenic differentiation. CDO activates myogenic bHLH factors via enhanced heterodimer formation, most likely by inducing hyper-phosphorylation of E proteins.
Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are master regulatory proteins that activate the transcription of many muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. These myogenic bHLH proteins also referred to as MyoD family includes four members, MyoD, myogenin, myf5 and MRF4. These myogenic factors dimerize with E-proteins such as E12/E47, ITF-2 and HEB to form heterodimeric complexes that bind to a conserved DNA sequence known as the E box, which is present in the promoters and enhancers of most muscle-specific genes. Myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2), which is a member of the MADS box family, also plays an important role in muscle differentiation. MEF2 activates transcription by binding to the consensus sequence, called the MEF2-binding site, which is also found in the control regions of numerous muscle-specific genes. MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins synergistically activate expression of muscle-specific genes via protein-protein interactions between DNA-binding domains of these heterologous classes of transcription factors. Members of the MyoD and MEF2 family of transcription factors associate combinatorially to control myoblast specification, differentiation and proliferation.
Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are master regulatory proteins that activate the transcription of many muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. These myogenic bHLH proteins also referred to as MyoD family includes four members, MyoD, myogenin, myf5 and MRF4. These myogenic factors dimerize with E-proteins such as E12/E47, ITF-2 and HEB to form heterodimeric complexes that bind to a conserved DNA sequence known as the E box, which is present in the promoters and enhancers of most muscle-specific genes. Myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2), which is a member of the MADS box family, also plays an important role in muscle differentiation. MEF2 activates transcription by binding to the consensus sequence, called the MEF2-binding site, which is also found in the control regions of numerous muscle-specific genes. MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins synergistically activate expression of muscle-specific genes via protein-protein interactions between DNA-binding domains of these heterologous classes of transcription factors. Members of the MyoD and MEF2 family of transcription factors associate combinatorially to control myoblast specification, differentiation and proliferation.
所含基因
29 个基因