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Metallothioneins bind metals

Reactome ID: R-HSA-5661231

中文名称

细胞对低氧的反应

通路描述

氧气在人类细胞功能中起着核心作用:它既是正常代谢所必需的,又是有毒的。我们在此标注了细胞对氧气的反应的一个方面,即低氧诱导因子(HIF)在调节细胞转录反应中的作用。在氧气存在下,HIF-alpha 家族成员(包括 HIF1A、HIF2A(EPAS1)和 HIF3A)在脯氨酸残基上被 PHD1(EGLN2)、PHD2(EGLN1)和 PHD3(EGLN3)羟基化,在精氨酸残基上被 HIF1AN(FIH)羟基化(参见 Pouyssegur 等 2006, Semenza 2007, Kaelin 和 Ratcliffe 2008, Nizet 和 Johnson 2009, Brahimi-Horn 和 Pouyssegur 2009, Majmundar 等 2010, Loenarz 和 Schofield 2011)。这两种反应都需要分子氧作为底物,很可能至少有些 HIF-alpha 分子同时携带羟基化的精氨酸和羟基化的脯氨酸(Tian 等 2011)。羟基化的精氨酸干扰 HIF-alpha 与 p300 和 CBP 结合的能力,而羟基化的脯氨酸促进 HIF-alpha 与 E3 泛素连接酶 VHL 的结合,导致 HIF-alpha 的泛素化和降解。缺氧抑制这两种羟基化反应,导致 HIF-alpha 稳定,然后进入细胞核,结合 HIF-beta,并招募 p300 和 CBP 以激活靶基因,如 EPO 和 VEGF。
英文描述
Metallothioneins bind metals Metallothioneins are highly conserved, cysteine-rich proteins that bind metals via thiolate bonds (recent general reviews in Capdevila et al. 2012, Blindauer et al. 2014, reviews of mammalian metallothioneins in Miles et al. 2000, Maret 2011, Vasak and Meloni 2011, Thirumoorthy et al. 2001, Babula et al. 2012). Mammals contain 4 general metallothionein isoforms (MT1,2,3,4). The MT1 isoform has radiated in primates to 8 or 9 functional proteins (depending on classification of MT1L). Each mammalian metallothionein binds a total of 7 divalent metal ions in two clusters, the alpha and beta clusters. Though the functions of metallothioneins have not been fully elucidated, they appear to participate in detoxifying heavy metals (reviewed in Sharma et al. 2013), storing and transporting zinc, and redox biochemistry. Metallothioneins interact with many other cellular proteins, with most interactions involving proteins of the central nervous system (reviewed in Atrian and Capdevila 2013).

所含基因

11 个基因