维生素 K 代谢
中文名称
通路描述
维生素 K 是单个代谢反应所需的辅因子，由 GGCX（γ-羧基谷氨酰胺羧化酶）催化对蛋白质中的谷氨酸残基进行γ-羧基化。GGCX 的底物包括凝血因子、骨钙素（OCN）和生长停滞特异性蛋白 6（GAS6）（Brenner et al. 1998）。维生素 K 来源于绿叶蔬菜中的黄烷酮，并由肠道菌群合成menaquinone-7。这些分子被肠上皮细胞摄取，与其他脂质一起包装成乳糜微粒，并通过淋巴和血液循环输送到身体组织，特别是肝细胞和成骨细胞，通过脂蛋白转运过程（Shearer & Newman 2014; Shearer et al. 2012）描述 elsewhere in Reactome。在这些组织中，还原型维生素 K3（menadiol）与二异戊二烯焦磷酸反应形成 MK4（维生素 K 氢醌），这是作为γ-羧基化蛋白质谷氨酸残基辅因子的形式（Hirota et al. 2013）。γ-羧基化反应，在 Reactome 中作为蛋白质代谢的一部分另有所述，将 MK4 转化为其环氧形式，该形式作为辅因子无活性。两种相关酶 VKORC1 和 VKORCL1 可以各自催化 MK4 环氧形式的还原为活性 MK4。VKORC1 活性对于凝血级联的正常运作和骨钙素功能至关重要（Ferron et al. 2015）。VKORCL1 的生理功能尚未被确切确立（Hammed et al. 2013; Tie et al. 2014）。
英文描述
ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production The natural ligand for adenosine receptor A2B (ADORA2B) is extracellular adenosine (Ad-Rib), formed from the reduction of ATP by ENTDPases. ATP enters the extracellular space in response to parasite infection, tissue injury, apoptosis amongst other stress factors and has chemotactic and excitatory effects (Cekic et al.2016).
The reduction of ATP to Ade Rib is thought to be a regulatory mechanism by which the synthesis of anti inflammatory cytokines is induced. In addition, killing mechanisms are switched off (Figueiredo et al. 2016). Accordingly, increased expression of ADORA2B in monocytes correlates with higher Leishmania donovani parasites loads alongside increment of IL10 production (Vijayamahantesh et al. 2016). Exacerbation of lesion development in L. amazonensis infected mice also correlated with high amounts of Ade Rib (Figueiredo et al. 2016).
The reduction of ATP to Ade Rib is thought to be a regulatory mechanism by which the synthesis of anti inflammatory cytokines is induced. In addition, killing mechanisms are switched off (Figueiredo et al. 2016). Accordingly, increased expression of ADORA2B in monocytes correlates with higher Leishmania donovani parasites loads alongside increment of IL10 production (Vijayamahantesh et al. 2016). Exacerbation of lesion development in L. amazonensis infected mice also correlated with high amounts of Ade Rib (Figueiredo et al. 2016).
所含基因
44 个基因