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Attachment and Entry

Reactome ID: R-HSA-9678110

中文名称

氯域介导的内吞作用

通路描述

氯域介导的内吞作用(CME)是控制从质膜摄取材料的一系列过程之一,导致形成氯域包被的小泡。CME 通过调节受体酪氨酸激酶(RTKs)和 G 蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)的细胞表面表达和信号传导来参与信号转导。大多数 RTKs 在结合特定配体后内吞速率显著增加,但某些 RTKs 也可能表现出显著的配体无关内吞。CME 通过组织信号传导既在质膜内又在内吞体上调节 RTK 和 GPCR 信号。CME 还参与从细胞外空间摄取代谢物、激素和其他蛋白质的摄取,并通过回收膜组分或靶向它们进行降解来调节膜组成。CME 涉及氯域包被小泡(CCP)形成的启动、货物选择、衣壳组装和稳定、膜断裂和小泡解离。尽管为了简化该通路,成熟 CCP 形成的步骤在时间和空间上被表示为线性且不同的,但氯域包被小泡的形成是一个高度异质的过程,这些过程之间可能没有清晰的时序界限。特别是货物选择是形成成熟且稳定的 CCP 的关键方面,许多参与 CCP 启动和成熟过程的小泡蛋白有助于货物选择,并在结合货物进入新生小泡后自身保持稳定。尽管氯域三聚体很早就被识别为包被小泡的主要成分,但氯域并不直接结合膜或内吞货物。相反,小泡的形成依赖于许多蛋白质和适配器,它们可以结合质膜并与货物分子相互作用。货物选择取决于货物蛋白胞质尾部的内吞信号被适配器识别,这些适配器与小泡内衣壳的成分相互作用。经典的氯域包被小泡适配器是四聚体 AP-2 复合物,它与氯域一起被识别为衣壳的主要成分。确实有一些货物直接结合到 AP-2 上,但后续研究表明,有一大类被称为 CLASPs(氯域相关排序蛋白)的蛋白质介导将多样化的货物招募到正在形成的氯域包被小泡中。许多这些 CLASP 蛋白本身与 AP-2 和氯域相互作用,协调货物招募与衣壳形成。CCP 形成的启动还受脂质组成调节,由氯域相关磷酸酶和激酶调控。质膜富含 PI(4,5)P2。许多参与启动氯域包被小泡形成的蛋白质结合 PI(4,5)P2 并通过它们的 BAR 结构域诱导膜弯曲。Epsin 也通过其 Epsin N 端同源(ENTH)域促进早期膜弯曲,该域通过插入到脂质双分子层中促进膜弯曲。在启动后,一些 CCP 进展到形成小泡,而其他小泡在细胞表面解离而不产生小泡(Ehrlich et al, 2004; Loerke et al, 2009; Loerke et al, 2011; Aguet et al, 2013; Taylor et al, 2011)。新生 CCP 的组装和稳定由几种蛋白质和脂质调节(Mettlen et al, 2009; Antonescu et al, 2011)。新兴氯域包被小泡的成熟伴随着膜脂质组成的进一步改变和膜弯曲的增加,由招募 N-BAR 结构域蛋白促进(reviewed in Daumke et al, 2014; Ferguson and De Camilli, 2012; Picas et al, 2016)。一些 N-BAR 结构域蛋白也参与招募大 GTPase dynamin,该蛋白负责成熟小泡从质膜断裂(Koh et al, 2007; Lundmark and Carlsson, 2003; Soulet et al, 2005; David et al, 1996; Owen et al, 1998; Shupliakov et al, 1997; Taylor et al, 2011; Ferguson et al, 2009; Aguet et al, 2013; Posor et al, 2013; Chappie et al, 2010; Shnyrova et al, 2013; reviewed in Mettlen et al, 2009; Daumke et al, 2014)。在小泡断裂后,ATPase HSPA8(也称为 HSC70)及其 DNAJ 辅因子 auxilin 将氯域从新生小泡解离,使小泡准备与随后的内吞腔融合,并释放氯域以供再利用(reviewed in McMahon and Boucrot, 2011; Sousa and Laufer, 2015)。
英文描述
Attachment and Entry Coronavirus replication is initiated by the binding of S protein to the cell surface receptor(s). The S protein is composed of two functional domains, S1 (bulb) which mediates receptor binding and S2 (stalk) which mediates membrane fusion. Specific interaction between S1 and the cognate receptor triggers a drastic conformational change in S2, leading to fusion between the virus envelope and the cellular membrane and release of the viral nucleocapsid into the host cell cytosol. Receptor binding is the major determinant of the host range and tissue tropism for a coronavirus. Some human coronaviruses (HCoVs ) have adopted cell surface enzymes as receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-1 and HCoV NL63. The receptor-bound S protein is activated by cleavage into S1 and S2, mediated by one of two of two host proteases, the endosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L and another trypsin like serine protease. Type II transmembrane serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS11D have also been implicated in the activation of S protein of SARS-CoV-1. Host factors may play additional roles in viral entry (not annotated here). Valosin containing protein (VCP) contributes by a poorly understood mechanism to the release of coronavirus from early endosomes. Host factors may also restrict the attachment and entry of HCoV. Some interferon inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) exhibited broad spectrum antiviral functions against various RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-1 while others may facilitate HCoV entry into host cells (Fung & Liu 2019).

所含基因

6 个基因