肾小管芽的形成
中文名称
通路描述
可见肾脏发育始于原肾管和中肾管（参考 McMahon 2016）。在脊椎动物中，这些是暂时的结构，随后被形成功能性的成肾管取代，该成肾管可延续至成年。肾小管管腔在原肾管发育期间出现，随后在中肾管中向尾侧延伸，诱导中肾管形成中肾管，这些中肾管将汇入肾小管管腔，并在胚胎期提供血液过滤功能。中肾管也称为沃尔夫管。随后，成肾管在肾小管管腔中形成，这是由于肾小管管腔与相邻成肾管间质之间的相互作用。成肾管将生长为输尿管，进一步分支，并在分支末端诱导形成肾单位和收集管（参考 Costantini 2012）。成肾管膨大的发育由肾小管管腔与成肾管间质之间的相互信号调节（参考 Marcotte 等，2014）。肾小管管腔分泌的肾小管蛋白（NPNT）与成肾管间质上的整合素α8/β1（ITGA8）相互作用，激活成肾管间质中 GDNF 的表达（Brandenberger 等，2001；Linton 等，2007）。成肾管间质分泌的 GDNF 然后与肾小管管腔细胞膜上的 RET 酪氨酸激酶结合并激活（Trupp 等，1996；Majumdar 等，2003）。RET 激活肾小管管腔细胞中 WNT11 的表达以调节分化（Majumdar 等，2003）。肾脏发育的程度由 ROBO2:SLIT 在管 - 间质界面提供的抑制性信号以及来自旁中胚层的 FOXC1,2 所限制。
英文描述
Maturation of spike protein This COVID-19 pathway has been created by a combination of computational inference from SARS-CoV-1 data (https://reactome.org/documentation/inferred-events) and manual curation, as described in the summation for the overall SARS-CoV-2 infection pathway.
The viral Spike protein of SARS-CoV-1 is subject to N-glycosylation and palmitoylation. The chaperone calnexin exclusively helps with protein folding. The end product is a homotrimer (Nal et al, 2005). In SARS-CoV-2 the Spike glycosylation patterns were extensively characterized, and consist of both N-glycans and O-glycans attached to about twenty amino acids (reviewed by PetroviÄ et al, 2021; Gong et al, 2021; Shajahan et al, 2021). Although there is no reason for the host's glycosylation enzymes behaving differently than with other host or non-host proteins, direct involvement of host enzymes and chaperones with SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycosylation has not been shown. Indirect evidence from inhibition experiments (Reyes et al, 2021; Franco et al, 2022) is confounded by simultaneous inhibition of glycosylation of other proteins like the ACE2 receptor.
The viral Spike protein of SARS-CoV-1 is subject to N-glycosylation and palmitoylation. The chaperone calnexin exclusively helps with protein folding. The end product is a homotrimer (Nal et al, 2005). In SARS-CoV-2 the Spike glycosylation patterns were extensively characterized, and consist of both N-glycans and O-glycans attached to about twenty amino acids (reviewed by PetroviÄ et al, 2021; Gong et al, 2021; Shajahan et al, 2021). Although there is no reason for the host's glycosylation enzymes behaving differently than with other host or non-host proteins, direct involvement of host enzymes and chaperones with SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycosylation has not been shown. Indirect evidence from inhibition experiments (Reyes et al, 2021; Franco et al, 2022) is confounded by simultaneous inhibition of glycosylation of other proteins like the ACE2 receptor.
所含基因
41 个基因