ALK 信号传导
中文名称
通路描述
安普林淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)是一种跨膜受体酪氨酸激酶,属于胰岛素受体超家族。ALK 在安普林大细胞淋巴瘤(ALCL)中被发现为致癌基因,但在非小细胞肺癌、炎症性肌纤维母细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、神经母细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤等其他癌症类型中也发挥致癌作用。在癌症中,编码 ALK 的染色体区域经常发生基因组重排,导致形成 ALK 融合蛋白,如 NPM-ALK(由 t(2;5)(p23;q35) 转位事件产生,主要见于 ALCL)和 EML4-ALK(染色体 2 上的倒位事件)。这些融合蛋白包含 ALK 的 C 端,涵盖激酶域和效应蛋白结合域(失去跨膜域),而融合蛋白的 N 端包含伙伴基因的二聚化域。因此,ALK 融合蛋白能够进行无配体依赖的二聚化,导致持续的 ALK 信号传导。此外,神经母细胞瘤中 ALK 的扩增或导致其持续激活的点突变已被检测到。许多关于 ALK 的功能研究是在蛋白致癌形式的基础上进行的,相比之下,关于正常生理条件下野生型蛋白的研究较少,且 ALK 最初被归类为孤儿受体,未识别出配体。最初鉴定出的两个小肝素结合生长因子是 pleiotrophin(PTN)和 midkine(MDK),但后续研究未能支持这一观点。最近,ALKAL1 和 ALKAL2(也称为 FAM150A 和 FAM150B)被鉴定为 ALK 和 LTK 受体的配体,尽管其效力不同。虽然 LTK 受体对 ALKAL1 和 ALKAL2 均具有强激活作用,但 ALK 仅对 ALKAL1 有弱刺激作用。配体结合诱导受体二聚化和转磷酸化,导致受体完全激活,触发下游信号传导级联反应,如 RAS、PI3K 和 IRS1 信号传导。ALK 还可能通过 RPTPB/RPTPZ 进行无配体依赖的激活。ALK 主要在发育中的中枢和周围神经系统中高表达,并在发育过程中发挥作用。在果蝇和小鼠中,ALK 是一个瘦素基因,参与对体重增加的抵抗。通过激活 STAT3 靶标,ALK 似乎也在乙醇反应中发挥作用。
英文描述
RHOBTB3 ATPase cycle RHOBTB3 is a member of the Ras-like superfamily of proteins that is phylogenetically distinct from other related Ras-like families, which include, besides RHOBTB3, Rho, Miro, Ras, Ran, Arf and Rab (Boureux et al. 2007). Due to its similarity with RHOBTB1 and RHOBTB2 Rho GTPases, RHOBTB3 is sometimes classified as an atypical member of the RHO GTPase family. However, the GTPase domain of RHOBTB3 is divergent from other Ras-like superfamily members and actually displays ATPase activity (Espinosa et al. 2009). All three RHOBTBs possess other conserved domains in addition to the GTPase domain. The GTPase domain at the N terminus is followed by a proline rich region, a tandem of two BTB (broad complex, tramtrack, bric à brac) domains, and a conserved C terminal BACK (BTB and C terminal Kelch). Unlike RHOBTB1 and RHOBTB2, RHOBTB3 has a CAAX box (prenylation motif) domain (Berthold et al. 2008, Ji and Rivero 2016). RHOBTB proteins can form homo and heterodimers, but the role of dimerization in RHOBTB function is not known (Berthold et al. 2008, Ji and Rivero 2016). RHOBTB3 is ubiquitously expressed, with high levels in placenta, testis, pancreas, adrenal and salivary glands and neural and cardiac tissues (Berthold et al. 2016). RHOBTB3 is involved in CUL3-dependent protein ubiquitination (Berthold et al. 2008; Ji and Rivero 2016). RHOBTB3 is involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus (Espinosa et al. 2009). RHOBTB3 participates in regulation of the cell cycle and in modulating the adaptive response to hypoxia (Ji and Rivero 2016). RHOBTB3 level is decreased in many tumor types and it is proposed to act as a tumor suppressor, although no pathogenic mutations have been reported (Berthold et al. 2008; Ji and Rivero 2016).
所含基因
10 个基因