囊胚期胚层形成
中文名称
通路描述
在小鼠囊胚期开始时,原基 streak 在 BMP、WNT、FGF 和 NODAL 信号通路区域形成。在小鼠胚胎中,NODAL 在整个内胚层表达,在前后轴诱导之前,对于多能性(reviewed in Robertson 2014)是必需的。NODAL 信号由前中胚内胚层(AVE)分泌的 NODAL 和 WNT 拮抗剂(CER1, LEFTY1)限制在后侧(reviewed in Stower and Srinivas 2014)。在内胚干细胞(hESCs)中,NODAL 对于维持多能性也是至关重要的(James et al. 2005, Vallier et al. 2004)。在小鼠胚胎中,NODAL 和 WNT3 对于原基 streak 的形成是必需的(Conlon et al. 1994, Brennan et al. 2001, Liu et al. 1999),随后 NODAL 表达限制于原基 streak 的前端节点(Zhou et al. 1993)。由前中胚层分泌的 NODAL 对 BMP4 信号反应,由从前中胚层分泌的 PCSK3 分泌的 furin 将其转化为成熟的 NODAL。NODAL 维持前中胚层中的 BMP4 表达,然后激活后中胚层中的 WNT3。WNT 信号反过来放大 NODAL 表达(Brennan et al. 2001)。由于早期胚胎结构的差异,人类胚胎中该信号级联事件的顺序可能不同。
英文描述
SARS-CoV-2 modulates autophagy Autophagy is activated during microbial infection to exert antimicrobial defense mechanisms by targeting pathogen-associated components for lysosomal degradation. Pathogens evolved various strategies to manipulate autophagy responses. This Reactome module describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on autophagy. SARS-CoV-2-encoded proteins, such as open reading frame 3a (ORF3a, 3a) and ORF7a (7a), were shown to colocalize with markers of late endosomal membrane, lysosomal membrane and trans-Golgi network (Hayn M et al. 2021; Koepke L et al. 2021; Zhang Y et al. 2021). Both 3a and 7a block autophagic flux in human cells, but use different strategies (Hayn M et al. 2021; Koepke L et al. 2021). While 7a lowers the acidity of lysosome (Koepke L et al. 2021), ORF3a prevents autophagosome-lysosome fusion (Zhang Y et al. 2021; Qu Y et al. 2021; Miao G et al. 2021). Thus, the SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates autophagy and leads to an accumulation of autophagosomes but blocks fusion between autophagosome and lysosome thereby preventing degradation of the cargo. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 membrane (M) protein associates with the mitochondrion to promote mitophagy (Hui X et al. 2021).
所含基因
12 个基因