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MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane

Reactome ID: R-HSA-975871

中文名称

WNT 配体生物发生与运输

通路描述

人类细胞中已鉴定出 19 种 WNT 蛋白。WNT 是保守的节肢动物分泌形态发生素家族成员,可激活响应细胞中的多种信号通路:包括经典的(β-猫enin)WNT 信号级联和多种非经典通路,如平面细胞极性(PCP)、细胞内钙信号调节及 JNK 激酶的激活。WNT 蛋白在分泌细胞外形成梯度,并能以短距离和长距离的作用促进增殖、细胞迁移和极性的改变以及组织稳态等(综述:Saito-Diaz 等,2012;Willert 和 Nusse,2012)。WNT 蛋白约为 40kDa,N 端含有 23 个保守半胱氨酸残基,可能形成内部分子二硫键。它们还含有 N 端信号序列和多个 N-连接糖基化位点(Janda 等,2012)。除了糖基化外,WNT 在内质网中还通过 Porcupine(PORCN)进行脂质修饰,赋予其特征性的疏水性。PORCN 介导的棕榈酰化对于 WNT 的分泌及其信号活性至关重要,PORCN 的耗竭或保守丝氨酸酰化位点的突变会导致 WNT 配体在细胞内积累(Takada 等,2006;Barrott 等,2011;Biechele 等,2011;综述:Willert 和 Nusse,2012)。WNT 的分泌需要多种其他专用因子,包括 Wntless(WLS)受体(也称为 Evi、Sprinter 和 GPR177),该受体结合 WNT 并将其运送到细胞表面(Banziger 等,2006;Bartscherer 等,2006;Goodman 等,2006)。随后,含有 SNX3 的 WNT 特异性内体相关复合物(retromer)对于将 WLS 回收至高尔基体是必需的(综述:Herr 等,2012;Johannes 和 Wunder,2011)。一旦到达细胞表面,WNT 会与细胞外基质成分如肝素硫酸蛋白聚糖(HSPGs)广泛接触,并可被 WIFs 和 SFRPs 等调节蛋白之一结合。WNT 配体的扩散可能通过将其包装成 WNT 多聚体、外泌体或结合脂蛋白颗粒来辅助,以屏蔽疏水性脂质修饰物免受水相细胞外环境的影响(Gross 等,2012;Luga 等,2012;Korkut 等,2009;综述:Willert 和 Nusse,2012)。
英文描述
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane Mammalian myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 (TIR)-domain containing adapter protein which plays crucial role in TLR signaling. All TLRs, with only one exception of TLR3, can initiate downstream signaling trough MyD88. In the MyD88 - dependent pathway, once the adaptor is bound to TLR it leads to recruitment of IL1 receptor associated kinase family IRAK which is followed by activation of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) . TRAF6 is an ubiquitin E3 ligase which in turn induces TGF-beta activating kinase 1 (TAK1) auto phosphorylation. Once activated TAK1 can ultimately mediate the induction of the transcription factor NF-kB or the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as JNK, p38 and ERK. This results in the translocation of the activated NF-kB and MAPKs to the nucleus and the initiation of appropriate gene transcription leading to the production of many proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.

所含基因

9 个基因