后神经板形成
中文名称
通路描述
神经板是囊胚背侧表面的一层增厚细胞层，位于节点和原条之前。随着发育的进行，神经板折叠形成管状结构，将产生大脑和脊髓（参见Massarwa等，2013）。未能完全形成神经管会导致神经管缺陷，如脊柱裂，这是中枢神经系统最常见的出生异常（参见Lee和Gleeson，2020）。虽然神经板是一个单一结构，但实际上包含两个由不同前体细胞形成并受不同基因表达程序调控的区域：前神经板（ANP）产生前脑和中脑（参见Wilson和Houart，2004，Kondoh等，2016），后神经板（PNP）产生后脑和前脊髓（参见Kondoh等，2016）。ANP直接来自外胚层，需要前内脏内胚层（AVE）分泌的抑制BMP信号传导的抑制因子来抑制（参见Andoniadou和Martinez-Barbera，2013），并表达由OTX2驱动的SOX2，SOX2基因上游的N2增强子结合OTX2、ZIC2和POU5F1/POU3F1（基于小鼠同源物推断于Iwafuchi-Doi等，2012）。PNP的后部由表达由WNT和FGF驱动的SOX2的神经中胚细胞产生，该SOX2基因下游的N1增强子结合（基于小鼠同源物推断于Takemoto等，2006）。ANP和PNP都表达ZEB2和SOX1，但ANP具有高OTX2表达（参见Simeone等，1992），而前部PNP表达更高的GBX2（基于小鼠同源物推断于Simeone等，1992）。ANP和PNP之间的边界部分由OTX2和GBX2之间的相互拮抗决定。OTX2来自ANP抑制GBX2的表达，而GBX2来自PNP抑制OTX2的表达（基于小鼠同源物推断于Wassarman等，1997，Martinez-Barbera等，2001，Li等，2001）。
英文描述
Formation of the posterior neural plate The neural plate is a thickened layer of cells on the dorsal surface of the gastrula rostral to the node and primitive streak. As development proceeds, the neural plate folds to form a tube that will generate the brain and spinal cord (reviewed in Massarwa et al. 2013). Failure to completely form a neural tube causes neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which are the most common birth anomaly of the central nervous system (reviewed in Lee and Gleeson 2020). Though a single structure, the neural plate actually contains two regions formed from different progenitors and regulated by distinct gene expression programs: the anterior neural plate (ANP) gives rise to the forebrain and midbrain (reviewed in Wilson and Houart 2004, Kondoh et al. 2016) and the posterior neural plate (PNP) gives rise to the hindbrain and anterior part of the spinal cord (reviewed in Kondoh et al. 2016).
The ANP arises directly from the epiblast, requires inhibition of BMP signaling by secreted inhibitors from the anterior visceral endoderm (reviwed in Andoniadou and Martinez-Barbera 2013), and expresses SOX2 driven by OTX2, ZIC2, and POU5F1/POU3F1 bound to the N2 enhancer upstream of the SOX2 gene (inferred from mouse homologs in Iwafuchi-Doi et al. 2012). The posterior part of the PNP arises from neuromesodermal cells that express SOX2 driven by WNT and FGF acting through the N1 enhancer downstream of the SOX2 gene (inferred from mouse homologs in Takemoto et al. 2006).
Both the ANP and PNP express ZEB2 and SOX1, however the ANP is characterized by high OTX2 expression (Simeone et al. 1992), while the anterior PNP expresses higher levels of GBX2 (inferred from mouse homologs in Simeone et al. 1992). The boundary between the ANP and the PNP is partly determined by a mutual antagonism between OTX2 and GBX2. OTX2 from the ANP represses expression of GBX2 and GBX2 from the PNP represses expression of OTX2 (inferred from mouse homologs in Wassarman et al. 1997, MartinezâBarbera et al. 2001, Li et al. 2001).
The ANP arises directly from the epiblast, requires inhibition of BMP signaling by secreted inhibitors from the anterior visceral endoderm (reviwed in Andoniadou and Martinez-Barbera 2013), and expresses SOX2 driven by OTX2, ZIC2, and POU5F1/POU3F1 bound to the N2 enhancer upstream of the SOX2 gene (inferred from mouse homologs in Iwafuchi-Doi et al. 2012). The posterior part of the PNP arises from neuromesodermal cells that express SOX2 driven by WNT and FGF acting through the N1 enhancer downstream of the SOX2 gene (inferred from mouse homologs in Takemoto et al. 2006).
Both the ANP and PNP express ZEB2 and SOX1, however the ANP is characterized by high OTX2 expression (Simeone et al. 1992), while the anterior PNP expresses higher levels of GBX2 (inferred from mouse homologs in Simeone et al. 1992). The boundary between the ANP and the PNP is partly determined by a mutual antagonism between OTX2 and GBX2. OTX2 from the ANP represses expression of GBX2 and GBX2 from the PNP represses expression of OTX2 (inferred from mouse homologs in Wassarman et al. 1997, MartinezâBarbera et al. 2001, Li et al. 2001).
所含基因
9 个基因