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Collecting duct acid secretion

KEGG ID: hsa04966

中文名称

减数分裂重组

通路描述

减数分裂重组交换同源染色体之间的双链 DNA 片段,产生遗传多样性(参见 Handel and Schimenti 2010, Inagaki et al. 2010, Cohen et al. 2006)。重组分为两种形式:非交换(NCO)和交换(CO)。在哺乳动物中,前者对于同源染色体的正确配对和联会至关重要,而交换中间体形成的着丝粒(chiasmata)对于双价体的正确分离是必需的。减数分裂重组由 SPO11 产生的双链断裂引发,断裂后 SPO11 仍共价连接在 5' 端。SPO11 通过切割相邻的单链 DNA 被移除。随后 5' 端进一步被切除,产生突出的 3' 端。这些单链 3' 端被 RAD51 和 DMC1 结合,它们是 RecA 的同源物,催化与结合的单链之间寻找同源性的过程。RAD51 和 DMC1 随后催化单链侵入同源双链并形成 D-环异源双链。约 90% 的异源双链在不发生交换的情况下被解决,可能通过依赖合成的链退火(SSA)完成。侵入的链沿着同源体延伸并重新连接回其原始双链,形成双 Holliday 结。MSH4 和 MSH5 参与此过程,可能通过稳定双链发挥作用。随后 MLH1 和 MLH3 被招募到双 Holliday 结构,一个未识别的解旋酶(Mus81? Gen1?)切割结以产生交换。交换不是随机分布的:组蛋白甲基转移酶 PRDM9 将重组机器招募到基因组中遗传决定的热点区域,每个初始交换会抑制附近交换的形成,这种现象称为交换干扰。每个染色体二价体(包括雄性中的 X-Y 体)至少有一个交换,这对于减数分裂的正确进行是必需的。
英文描述
One of the important roles of the collecting duct segment of the kidney nephron is acid secretion. As daily food intake loads acid into the body, urinary acid excretion is essential, and urine pH can drop as low as 4.5. The alpha-intercalated cell of collecting duct is the main responsible for hydrogen secretion into the urine. The carbon dioxide, which is generated in the cells and enters from the blood, is changed to carbonic acid. This carbonic acid is divided into hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. Intracellular CA II catalyses the formation of these ions. The hydrogen ion is secreted into the lumen by the luminal H(+)-ATPase. The bicarbonate ion is transported to the blood side by the anion exchanger type 1. Hydrogen ion in the lumen is trapped by urinary buffers. These include ammonium and phosphate.

所含基因

28 个基因